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June is African American Music Appreciation Month, a time to celebrate the profound impact of African American musical influences on our nation’s cultural heritage. Established by President Jimmy Carter in 1979, this month pays tribute to the diverse genres and styles created, inspired, and nurtured by African Americans.
Sacred Music: Spirituals and Gospel
Sacred music, encompassing spirituals and gospel music, plays a central role in African American spiritual and religious life. Spirituals, the earliest form of black musical expression in America, blend Christian psalms and hymns with African music styles. Originally an oral tradition, spirituals conveyed Christian values and the hardships of slavery. Gospel music, originating in black churches, has evolved into a globally recognized genre, merging religious themes with contemporary sounds.
Folk Music: Social Commentary and Tradition
African American folk music traces its roots to African cultural traditions, evolving from field hollers, work chants, and game songs. Rich in social commentary, folk music gained prominence during the 1960s protest movements and continues to influence modern genres like hip-hop.
The Blues: Foundation of Contemporary Music
The blues form the foundation of contemporary American music, influencing cultural and social lives. Various regional blues styles, such as Mississippi Delta blues, Memphis blues, and Chicago blues, each bring unique sounds and messages. The blues highlight both the struggles and the cultural richness of African American communities.
American jazz pianist and bandleader Count Basie (William Basie, 1904 – 1984) rehearsing at the Cafe Anglais, Leicester Square, London.
Military Music: A Tradition of Service
African Americans have contributed significantly to military music, serving in fife and drum corps during the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. In World War I and II, African American military bands incorporated modern musical styles, such as jazz, entertaining audiences both in the U.S. and Europe.
Jazz: African American Innovation
Jazz, evolving from ragtime, first emerged in New Orleans and is distinguished by African American musical innovation. From the dance-oriented big-band music of the 1920s to modern avant-garde jazz, the genre has continuously evolved and diversified.
Etta James, circa 1962
Rhythm and Blues: Spreading Culture and Integration
R&B, the predecessor to soul music, combines elements of jazz, blues, and gospel. This genre helped spread African American culture and promote racial integration. Today’s R&B incorporates soul and funk, continuing to influence contemporary music.
Rock and Roll: Youth Rebellion and Integration
Rock ‘n’ roll, born in the 1950s, blends African American music genres with American pop and country. The genre appealed to the rebellious spirit of American youth and played a role in promoting racial integration through music.
Hip-Hop and Rap: Global Phenomenon
Hip-hop and rap are deeply rooted in African American culture. Like jazz, hip-hop has become a global phenomenon, influencing mass media and culture. Rap remains a powerful medium for artists to express social and political issues.
Exploring the Depth of African American Music
This primer merely scratches the surface of African American musical contributions. African American musicians have also influenced classical music, country, pop, and dance music genres like disco, techno, and house. Millions around the world are touched by music that carries the essence of African American traditions.
